In this category, we have detailed guides on dog food ingridients, the source of essential nutrients that dogs get from food. In this category, you’ll find specific advisory on ingridients we like and those we advise you to avoid based on science-backed studies. You’ll find guides on raw products(meat, meat by-products, poultry & poultry by-products), rendered products(meat meal, meat and bone meal, animal by-products, poultry by-products), animal fat, vegetable fat, Plant ingredients (corn, barley, peas and potatoes), fibers (dried beet pulp, dried chicory root, fructooligosaccharide, powdered cellulose and inulin); vitamins elements(calcium, cobalt, copper, ferric or ferrous (iron), magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, zinc); Vitamin elements(cholecalciferol which supplies Vitamin D from animal sources, ergocalciferol which supplies Vitamin D from plant sources, Vitamin B12 supplement, riboflavin supplement which is a source of Vitamin B2, Vitamin A supplement, Vitamin D3 supplement alpha-tocopherol acetate which supplies Vitamin E, thiamine mononitrate which is a source of Vitamin B1, pyridoxine hydrochloride which is a source of Vitamin B6)
I recently wrote about zinc and its importance for dogs. Zinc is an essential mineral for dogs and is necessary for their immune system, skin and coat health, and proper growth. While most dogs get enough zinc in their diet, some may be zinc deficient. This can happen if they are not eating a well-balanced diet or if they are losing zinc through diarrhea or other medical conditions.
What is Zinc?
Zinc is a mineral that is found in food and in the environment. It is necessary for the proper growth and development of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs. Zinc is also needed for the body to make enzymes and hormones. Enzymes are substances that help chemical reactions occur in the body. Hormones are chemicals that help to regulate the body’s activities.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for zinc is 8 mg/day for adults. The RDA for children and adolescents is 3-12 mg/day depending on age and gender.
Humans get zinc from food. Good sources of zinc include meat, seafood, poultry, nuts, and seeds. Whole grains and legumes (beans) also contain zinc, but the zinc in these foods is not as easily absorbed by the body as the zinc in animal-based foods.
Dogs get zinc from their diet as well. The best source of zinc for dogs is animal-based protein, such as meat, poultry, and fish. Zinc is also found in small amounts in some plant foods, such as grains and beans.
AAFCO Zinc Requirements
The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is a voluntary organization that develops guidelines for animal feed and pet food. The AAFCO does not regulate or enforce these guidelines, but many states use them as the basis for their own laws and regulations.
The AAFCO Zinc Requirements for dogs are 100mg/kg for puppies and 80mg/kg for adult dogs.
Compared to all other minerals, zinc has the narrowest margin of safety between deficiency and toxicity levels. Zinc is considered toxic at levels above 300 mg/kg in dogs.
The signs of zinc deficiency vary depending on the age of the dog. Puppies may have stunted growth, skin problems, and diarrhea. Adult dogs may have a dull coat, skin problems, and decreased appetite.
Factors that Decrease Zinc Absorption
There are several factors that can decrease the amount of zinc that is absorbed by the body. These include:
-Certain medical conditions, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and short bowel syndrome
-Diarrhea
-Malabsorption syndromes
-Burns
-Pregnancy and lactation
Recommended Amounts of Zinc for Dogs
The recommended amount of zinc for dogs varies depending on the age and health status of the dog. Puppies and adult dogs who are healthy and eating a well-balanced diet usually get enough zinc from their food. Dogs with medical conditions that decrease zinc absorption may need to take a zinc supplement.
Zinc supplements are available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. The best form of zinc for dogs is chelated zinc. This form of zinc is easier for the body to absorb than other forms.
The recommended dose of zinc for dogs is 2-4 mg/kg of body weight per day. For example, a 10 kg (22 lb) dog would need 20-40 mg of zinc per day.
Factors to Consider When Picking the Best Dog Food for Zinc Deficiency
Protein: Look for a food that is high in animal-based protein, such as meat, poultry, or fish. Poultry and fish are our favorite protein sources as they are very digestible and contain all the essential amino acids. They are also low in fat and calories.
Fats: Fats are an important source of energy for dogs. They also help to absorption of some vitamins and minerals. The best sources of fat for dogs are animal-based fats, such as chicken fat or fish oil. Avoid plant-based fats such as soybean oil as they are not as easily absorbed by the body.
Carbohydrates: Dogs get most of their energy from carbohydrates. The best sources of carbohydrates for dogs are whole grains, such as brown rice, oats, and barley. Avoid processed carbs, such as white flour and sugar, as they can be hard for the body to digest.
Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals are essential to the health of dogs. Look for a food that contains all the essential vitamins and minerals, including zinc. Foods that are fortified with vitamins and minerals are a good choice.
Zinc content: Look at the zinc content of the food. The AAFCO Zinc Requirements for dogs are 100mg/kg for puppies and 80mg/kg for adult dogs. Choose a food that meets or exceeds these requirements.
Ingredients: Not all ingredients are created equal. The quality of the ingredients in a food can make a big difference in the nutrition it provides. Look for foods that contain high-quality ingredients, such as meat, poultry, or fish. Avoid foods that contain fillers, such as corn or wheat.
Synthetic additives: Synthetic additives, such as preservatives and flavorings, are not necessary for the health of dogs. In fact, they can be harmful to their health. Look for foods that do not contain synthetic additives. Go for zinc-containing dog food without any synthetic additives.
Organic: Organically-grown ingredients are free of pesticides and other harmful chemicals. They are also more nutritious than conventionally-grown ingredients. Choose organic food if possible.
Best Dog food for Zinc Deficiency:
Taste of the Wild High Prairie Grain-Free
American Journey Salmon & Sweet Potato Recipe Grain-Free
Purina Pro Plan Focus Adult Sensitive Skin & Stomach Salmon & Rice Formula
Blue Buffalo Wilderness Rocky Mountain Recipe with Bison Grain-Free
Zignature Kangaroo Limited Ingredient Formula Grain-Free Dry Dog Food
Our overall best pick for the best dog food for zinc deficiency is Taste of the Wild High Prairie Grain-Free. This food is grain-free and features a novel protein source, bison, as the first ingredient. It also contains a variety of other nutrient-rich ingredients, such as sweet potatoes, peas, and carrots.
This roasted bison and venison dry dog food is crafted with real meat as the #1 ingredient and is high in protein (32%) to help support bones, joints and lean muscles. Crafted with vitamins and minerals from real fruits and superfoods, omega fatty acids for skin and coat health and nutrients for the energy your furry friend needs thrive!
This premium kibble is packed with species-specific K9 Strain Proprietary Probiotics, antioxidants and prebiotics to help support healthy digestion, immune system health and overall health and wellness in your pup. Plus, it’s made in the USA by a family-owned brand that never uses grains, corn, wheat, artificial flavors or artificial colors.
American Journey Salmon & Sweet Potato Recipe is a grain-free dog food that features salmon, sweet potatoes and other nutritious fruits and vegetables. This pet food is formulated to provide the nutrition your dog needs for everyday health maintenance, plus it’s free of corn, wheat and soy ingredients to help sensitive pets avoid fillers that could upset their stomach. The formula includes antioxidants like Vitamin E, which supports immune system function. Blueberries are sources of phytonutrients that offer antioxidant support for the body.
American Journey Salmon and Sweet Potato is a high-protein dog food that your pup will love. Made with real, deboned salmon, this dog food provides amino acids to help maintain lean muscle mass. Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids from salmon oil and flaxseed support skin and coat health as well as brain and eye development in growing puppies. Fiber-rich chickpeas and sweet potatoes provide energy throughout every adventure.
Purina Pro Plan Sensitive Skin & Stomach Formula is complete and balanced nutrition for adult dogs that are prone to skin or stomach sensitivities. This easily-digestible dog food is crafted without corn, wheat or soy. The high-protein recipe features real, nutrient-rich salmon as the very first ingredient.
This grain-free dog food formula has been specially designed to nurture your sidekick’s sensitive skin and stomach with added omega 6 fatty acids, live probiotics and prebiotic fiber to support healthy digestion and immunity.
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
For dogs with sensitive stomachs, the digestibility of dog food is essential as it can help to reduce digestive problems and improve overall health.
In this article, I have explained in detail how the digestibility of dog food is determined and provided the benefits of easily digestible ingredients with respect to your dog’s health.
What is digestibility?
When it comes to your dog’s diet, digestibility is key. The term “digestibility” refers to how easily and completely a food or ingredient can be broken down and absorbed by the body. In other words, digestibility is a measure of how well a food or ingredient can be used by the body.
AAFCO defines digestibility in dogs as “the amount of endogenous fecal output and the apparent absorption of nutrients from a test diet.”
Factors that affect dog food digestibility:
There are many factors that can affect the digestibility of a food or ingredient, including the type of food, the cooking method, and the individual dog’s own digestive system. However, there are some general guidelines that can help you to choose a more digestible diet for your dog.
What impacts protein digestibility in dog food?
Processing: The type of processing (extrusion, canning, etc.) used to make the dog food can also impact digestibility. In general, dry kibble is more digestible than canned wet food. Extrusion cooking (used to make kibble) denatures proteins and breaks down plant cell walls, making them more digestible.
Ingredients: The ingredients in the dog food can also impact digestibility. For example, a meat meal is more digestible than whole meat because it is ground up and has a higher protein concentration. In addition, animal-based proteins are more readily digested than some plant-based proteins.
Diet type: The type of diet can also impact digestibility. For example, a raw diet is typically more digestible than a kibble diet because it contains less processed ingredients.
The quality of the ingredients: This is probably the most important factor in determining digestibility. Higher quality, easily digestible ingredients will result in more digestible food.
How is digestibility measured?
There are two methods that are commonly used to measure the digestibility of dog food: the fecal score method and the nitrogen balance method.
The fecal score method:
This method involves feeding a test food to a group of dogs and then measuring the amount of undigested food that is excreted in their stool. The fecal score is then calculated by subtracting the percent of undigested food from 100. This method is considered to be less accurate than the nitrogen balance method.
The nitrogen balance method:
This method involves feeding a test food to a group of dogs and then measuring the amount of nitrogen in their urine and feces. The difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion is the nitrogen balance. The nitrogen balance is then divided by the nitrogen intake to give the percent of nitrogen retained. This method is considered to be more accurate than the fecal score method.
Digestibility scores for different dog food ingredients, what to expect:
In a 2005 study(Case, 2005) on the digestibility of popular dog food brands in the market, the digestibility scores for protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 81 percent, 85 percent, and 79 percent respectively.
The study went further to note that the majority of premium dog food brands from respectable manufacturers provide higher digestibility values ranging from 80 percent to 90 percent range.
AAFCO and REDIAF do not have specific minimum and maximum digestibility scores that pet food manufacturers should aim for but you should aim to go for pet food products that will give you at least 80%.
Some of the dog food ingredients with the highest digestibility are egg whites, muscle meat, meats from animal internal organs, and dairy products.
Some ingredients with low digestibility include cereal grains such as wheat, corn, and oats. However, their digestibility was improved once processed. Reduced kibble size also improved their digestibility.
Excessive cooking or processing of food, on the other hand, might have the adverse effect of reducing one or more nutrients’ digestibility.
In addition, the inclusion of ingredients such as soya bean products, cereal, and plant by-products have been proven to reduce digestibility.
Another study found that adding dietary fiber reduces the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter by 2 to 20%. It noted that fibre levels up to 7.5 percent on a dry matter basis were acceptable in dog food before it starts having adverse effects on their digestion.
Ingredients Digestibility of dog food with age:
Puppies:
Puppies have a shorter and more acidic digestive tract than adult dogs. This is because their digestive system is not fully developed yet. As a result, they are not able to digest food as well as adults. Puppies also have a higher metabolic rate than adults, which means that they need more nutrients for proper growth and development.
The best way to ensure that puppies are getting all the nutrients they need is to feed them high-quality puppy food that is highly digestible. Puppies also need to eat more often than adults. They should be fed 3 to 4 times per day until they are about 6 months old.
Puppies’ digestibility scores for ingredients such as protein has been found to be lower by up to five percent but they do catch up by the 6th month. For this reason, pancreatic amylase levels in puppies remain low until they reach the age of 10 months (Weber)
Dogs formulated for puppies should be more digestible to make up for this difference.
Adult dogs:
The vast majority of commercial dog foods are designed to be highly digestible for adult dogs. However, there are some exceptions. For example, some dog foods that contain a lot of fiber or whole grains may not be as digestible as other types of food.
senior dogs:
As dogs age, their metabolism slows down and they become less active. As a result, they need fewer calories than they did when they were younger. Older dogs also tend to have a more difficult time digesting food. This is why it is important to feed them a high-quality senior dog food that is highly digestible. Senior dogs also need to eat less often than adult dogs. They should be fed 2 to 3 times per day
What are the benefits of a highly digestible diet?
A highly digestible diet has many benefits for your dog, including:
1. Reduced digestive problems: A highly digestible diet can help to reduce digestive problems, such as diarrhea, constipation, and gas.
2. Increased nutrient absorption: A highly digestible diet can also help to increase nutrient absorption. This is because the nutrients in a highly digestible food are more easily absorbed by the body.
3. improved weight management: A highly digestible diet can also help with weight management. This is because highly digestible food contains more calories that are available for use by the body.
4. Reduced environmental impact: A highly digestible diet can also have a positive impact on the environment. This is because less waste is produced when a dog digests a highly digestible food.
What are the best sources of highly digestible ingredients?
There are many different sources of highly digestible ingredients, but some of the best include:
1. Meat meal: Meat meal is a highly concentrated form of protein that is readily digestible by dogs.
2. Animal-based proteins: Animal-based proteins, such as chicken and beef, are more readily digestible than some plant-based proteins.
3. Raw diets: Raw diets are typically more digestible than kibble diets because they contain less processed ingredients.
4. High-quality ingredients: High-quality ingredients, such as those that are organic or free-range, are more likely to be digestible than low-quality ingredients.
What factors can reduce the digestibility of a dog food?
There are several factors that can reduce the digestibility of a dog food, including:
1. Processing: Processing can reduce the digestibility of a dog food by denaturing proteins and breaking down plant cell walls.
2. Additives: Additives, such as fillers and preservatives, can also reduce the digestibility of a dog food.
3. Poor-quality ingredients: Poor-quality ingredients, such as those that are cheaper or lower in nutritional value, are less likely to be digestible.
4. Inadequate cooking: Inadequate cooking can also reduce the digestibility of a dog food. This is because some nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, are heat-sensitive and can be damaged by cooking.
What are the consequences of feeding a dog an undigestible diet?
The consequences of feeding a dog an undigestible diet can be serious and include:
1. Gastrointestinal problems: Feeding a dog an undigestible diet can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea.
2. Nutritional deficiencies: An undigestible diet can also lead to nutritional deficiencies, as the nutrients in the food are not able to be absorbed by the body.
3. Weight gain: An undigestible diet can also cause weight gain, as the calories in the food are not able to be used by the body.
4. Environmental impact: An undigestible diet can also have a negative impact on the environment, as more waste is produced when a dog digests an undigestible food.
Dog not digesting food, what to do?
If you notice that your dog is not digesting food properly, try switching to canned dog food if the dog has been using dry kibble. Canned dog food is more palatable and is easy to digest than dry dog food. Canned food has a higher water content which makes it easier for the food to move through the digestive system. Canned wet food is also made up of more protein and fat, with few carbohydrates.
Dry dog food is made up of less water content and your dog may not easily digest them. They also have more fillers and are low in moisture which can make the food harder to break down and may lead to digestive problems.
Most digestible dog food:
Eggs: Egg whites are highly digestible and contain all the essential amino acids that your dog needs.
Chicken meal: Chicken meal is a highly concentrated form of protein that is readily digestible by dogs.
Fish meal: Fish meal is a highly concentrated form of protein that is readily digestible by dogs.
Meat from internal organs and muscles: This type of meat is generally very digestible for dogs.
Raw fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and are usually easily digestible for dogs.
Cooked whole grains: Whole grains, such as rice and oats, are usually easily digestible for dogs.
There are a few ways to determine the digestibility of dog food, which include:
Checking the ingredients list:
The first step in determining digestibility is to check the ingredients list on the dog food label. Look for high-quality, easily digestible ingredients such as meat, poultry, or fish meals, as well as carbohydrates that are easily digested such as rice, oats, or barley.
In a study on different protein digestibility, the chicken meal was found to be the most digestible protein, while the beef meal was the least digestible.
Plant proteins are more readily digested, however processing plant cell walls may damage them and speed digestion. For this reason, animal-based protein are more digestible compared to plant-based proteins.
A study quoted on Fourfriendspetfoods.co.uk, found chicken meal and fish meal to be most digestible. The report, which I couldn’t find online was quoted by the site; “Chicken meal and fish meal proteins are around 95% digestible with only 5% being excreted. Corn protein is only 54% digestible. These measurements are significant because feeding a high protein food means nothing if the body can’t use it.”
Checking for added fiber:
Another factor to consider when determining digestibility is the amount of dietary fiber present in the food. While some fiber is essential for proper digestive function, too much can actually decrease digestibility.
Digestibility of grain-free vs grain-inclusive dog food diets:
Studies have found that grain-free dog foods are not necessarily more digestible than grain-inclusive diets. In fact, one study found that grain-inclusive diets may actually be more digestible than grain-free diets. This is because the high levels of protein and fat in grain-free diets can make them more difficult to digest.
Grain-inclusive diets, on the other hand, tend to be lower in protein and fat, which makes them easier to digest.
Grain-free dog foods may also contain more ingredients that are known to cause digestive problems, such as legumes and potatoes.
So, while grain-free dog foods may not be more digestible than grain-inclusive diets, they may not be the best choice for dogs with sensitive stomachs.
What can you do to ensure that your dog’s food is digestible?
There are several things that you can do to ensure that your dog’s food is digestible, including:
1. Choose high-quality food: When choosing a dog food, be sure to select one that is made with high-quality, easily digestible ingredients.
2. Avoid processed foods: Processed foods can be less digestible than unprocessed foods, so avoid them if possible.
3. Add fiber gradually: If you are adding fiber to your dog’s diet, do so gradually to allow their digestive system to adjust.
4. Make sure food is cooked properly: Cooking can damage some nutrients, so be sure that the food is cooked properly in order to preserve its digestibility.
Is the Digestability score important in dog food?
For dogs with sensitive stomachs, or those that are prone to gastrointestinal problems, the digestibility score is an important factor to consider when choosing a food. However, it is also important to consider other factors such as the quality of ingredients and the amount of fiber in the food.
Digestibility refers to the amount of nutrients that are able to be absorbed by the body. A food that is highly digestible will be easier on the digestive system and may provide more nutrients than a less digestible food. There are a few ways to determine the digestibility of dog food, which include checking the ingredients list and checking for added fiber.
Symptoms of poor digestibility in dogs;
There are a few symptoms that may indicate that a dog’s food is not digestible, including:
1. Diarrhea: Diarrhea can be a sign that the body is not able to absorb all of the nutrients from the food.
2. Weight loss: If a dog is not digesting their food properly, they may lose weight even if they are eating the same amount as before.
3. Lack of energy: A dog that is not digesting their food properly may seem lethargic or have a lack of energy.
4. Vomiting: Like diarrhea, vomiting can be a sign that the body is not able to absorb all of the nutrients from the food.
If you notice any of these symptoms in your dog, it is important to speak to a veterinarian as soon as possible. They will be able to determine if the problem is due to poor digestibility and help you choose a food that is more digestible for your dog.
Switching diet to more digestible dog food:
If you need to switch your dog to a more digestible food, there are a few things to keep in mind.
First, it is important to slowly transition your dog to the new food over the course of a week or two. This will help their digestive system adjust to the new food and avoid any gastrointestinal upset.
Second, be sure to choose a food that is high in quality and easy to digest. This means selecting a food that is made with easily digestible ingredients and has a high digestibility score.
Finally, make sure to speak with your veterinarian before making any changes to your dog’s diet. They will be able to help you select the best food for your dog and make sure that the transition goes smoothly.
FAQs
Q: canned or dry food, which is more digestible for dogs?
A: Canned dog food is more palatable and is easy to digest than dry dog food. Canned food has a higher water content which makes it easier for the food to move through the digestive system. Another possible reason for canned food being more digestible is that they are usually made up of protein and fat, with few carbohydrates.
Dry dog food, on the other hand, can be more difficult to digest as it is often high in fillers and low in moisture. This can make the food harder to break down and may lead to digestive problems.
Another study, however, noted that the digestibility scores of dry and canned dog food of most commercial dog food brands ranged from 80% to 90%. It noted that there wasn’t a big variance in digestibility between wet and dry dog food.
It went further to say, ‘it is only when ingredients, such as fiber, are included at high levels that any substantial decline in apparent digestibility is observed.”
Q: How long does it take for a dog to digest food?
A: It typically takes 8-10 hours for a dog to digest their food. However, this can vary depending on the type of food they are eating and their individual digestive system.
Q: what are some signs that my dog’s food is not digestible?
A: Some signs that your dog’s food is not digestible include diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and lack of energy. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to speak to a veterinarian as soon as possible.
what is the most easily digestible protein for dogs?
Egg whites, fish meals, and chicken meals are the most digestible proteins for dogs with a digestibility score of above 90%.
What is the best dog food for dogs with sensitive stomachs?
The digestibility of dog food is an important factor to consider when choosing food for your dog. By considering the quality of ingredients, the amount of fiber, and the digestibility score, you can be sure to choose a food that is easy for your dog to digest. If you have any concerns about your dog’s digestive health
Weber M, Martin L, Biourge V, Nguyen P and Dumon H J (2003). Influence of age and body size on the digestibility of a dry expanded diet in dogs. Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 87: 21-31.
Case L P (2005). The Dog. Its Behaviour, Nutrition and Health (2nd edn), Blackwell, 6 / 8 Iowa.
Kendall P T and Holme D W (1982). Studies on the digestibility of soya bean products, cereals, cereal and plant by-products in diets of dogs, J Sci Food Agric 33: 813-822.
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
Different proteins used in the manufacturer of dog and cat food have a varying number of amino acids and it is essential to understand the amino acids contained in various protein sources.
Types of Amino Acids:
There are two types of amino acids- essential and nonessential.
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from food sources. Nonessential amino acids can be made by the body, but it is best to get them from food sources as well.
There are 10 essential amino acids for dogs: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine. Proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts are considered to be “high quality” proteins.
Importance of amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and perform a variety of functions in the body, including:
– Acting as enzymes (proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body)
– Building and repairing tissue
– Regulating metabolism
– Assisting in hormone production
– Boosting the immune system
– Helping to carry oxygen in the blood
Essential amino acids are important for many reasons, but some of the most important functions include:
– Building muscle tissue
– Repairing damaged tissue
– Regulating metabolism
– Boosting the immune system
Amino Acid Deficiency
A deficiency in any one of the essential amino acids can lead to a variety of health problems, including:
– Muscle weakness
– Fatigue
– Poor wound healing
– Immune system deficiency
– Hormonal imbalances
List of 10 Essential Amino Acids for Dogs
There are a total of 20 amino acids used by the body- 9 of which are essential for dogs. The 10 essential amino acids for dogs are:
As you can see cats have 11 essential amino acids and cats generally have higher requirements for proteins and amino acids than dogs.
Let me explain what the amino acid is and the importance of each amino acid, starting with dog’s amino acids;
Importance of essential amino acids for dogs:
Histidine: This is an amino acid that helps with the growth and repair of tissue. Sources of histidine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Isoleucine: This is an amino acid that helps with the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. Sources of isoleucine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Leucine: This is an amino acid that helps with the growth and repair of muscle tissue.
Lysine: This is an amino acid that helps with the absorption of calcium and the production of collagen (a protein that helps give structure to bones and connective tissue). Dogs get lysine from animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Methionine: This is an amino acid that helps with the absorption of copper and zinc, and the production of cartilage. Sources of methionine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Phenylalanine: This is an amino acid that helps with the production of dopamine and norepinephrine (hormones that affect mood). Sources of phenylalanine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Threonine: This is an amino acid that helps with the production of collagen and elastin (proteins that give structure to skin and connective tissue). Sources of threonine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Tryptophan: This is an amino acid that helps with the production of serotonin (a hormone that affects mood). Sources of tryptophan are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
Valine: This is an amino acid that helps with the growth and repair of muscle tissue. Sources of valine are animal protein sources such as meat, poultry, and fish.
How much Amino Acids do Dogs need?
AAFCO has specifications on how much of each essential amino acid dogs need in their diet and the ideal ratio of amino acids. For example, for every 100 grams of protein in a food, it should contain at least:
– 2.5 grams of arginine to puppies and min of 1.28 grams for adult dogs
– 1.1 grams of histidine to puppies and min of 0.48 grams for adult dogs
– 1.78 grams of isoleucine to puppies and min of 0.95 grams for adult dogs
– 3.23 grams of leucine to puppies and min of 1.7 grams for adult dogs
– 2.25 grams of lysine to puppies and min of 1.58 grams for adult dogs
– 0.88 grams of methionine to puppies and min of 0.83 grams for adult dogs
– 1.75 grams of methioninand cysteine combined to puppies and min of 1.63 grams for adult dogs
– Min of 2.08 grams of phenylalanine to puppies and min of 1.13 grams for adult dogs
– 2.60 grams of threonine to puppies and min of 1.2 grams for adult dogs
– 0.5 grams of tryptophan to puppies and min of 0.4 grams for adult dogs
– 1.7 grams of valine to puppies and min of 1.23 grams for adult dogs
Puppies need more amino acids than adult dogs because they are growing and developing. Adult dogs need about 18% protein in their diet, while puppies need 22-24% protein.
How much amino acids do cats need?
AAFCO has set the minimum and maximum amino acids to be included in cat food and below are the amounts required for every 100 grams of protein in a food. Cat food should contain at least;
3.1 grams of arginine for kittens and 2.6 g for adult cats
0.83 grams of arginine for histidine and 0.78 g for adult cats
1.4 grams of isoleucine for kittens and 1.3 g for adult cats
3.2 grams of leucine for kittens and 3.1 g for adult cats
3 grams of lysine for kittens and 2.08 g for adult cats
1.55 grams of methionine for kittens and 0.55 g for adult cats. Methiodine should never exceed 3.75 grams for every 100 grams of protein.
The table below shows various sources of amino acids in dog food as per the NRC research in 2006.
The Digestability of various amino acids varies with beef having amino acids that have the highest digestability. See the table below for digestability percentages in small interstines.
Protein complementation
Some protein sources are lacking some amino acids and are complemented by mixing with other proteins with the lacking ingredients. See the table below;
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
The importance of tryptophan in pet food was largely ignored until 2000 when DeNapoli JS, Dodman NH, Shuster L, et al. wrote a study showing how dogs fed diets with this amino acid reduced their aggression.
In our evaluation of dog food brands, we look at the composition of amino acids. This will give some insight as to how complete the diet is for a growing puppy or an adult dog.
What is Tryptophan amino acid:
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. This means that your pet’s body cannot produce it and it must be supplied through their diet. Tryptophan has been studied for its role in helping to reduce anxiety and improve mood.
Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, sleep, and appetite. A deficiency of tryptophan can lead to behavioral problems such as aggression and anxiety.
Is Tryptophan a solution to dog anxiety? What Research says:
Study #1:
In the Netherlands, Beerda and her colleagues from Wageningen University released a study of 138 dogs who suffered from anxiety-related behavioral problems. The control group consisted of half the dogs and were fed standard dog food and the other half were given dog food supplemented with L-tryptophan.
The study found that supplementing L-tryptophan had no effect in reducing anxiety-related behaviors in dogs. Read the study here
Study #2:
Another 2016 study with 29 dogs was aimed at finding out if Tryptophan could improve abnormal-repetitive behavior in dogs. The study concluded that “supplementing L-tryptophan had no effects on the intensity or frequency of abnormal/repetitive behaviors”
Study #3:
A 2012 study found a small improvement in anxiety-related behaviors. It is, however, important to note that the dog food in the study was supplemented with L-tryptophan and alpha-capsazepine (a peptide found in milk protein) – not just L-tryptophan.
What does this mean to you as a pet owner?
Given that 2 of the studies claimed that tryptophan does not improve anxiety or behavioral problems in cats and dogs, and one study showed a small improvement – it is fair to say that more research needs to be done in this area.
If your dog is anxious, speak with your veterinarian about possible solutions as there are many things that can help including supplements, changes in diet, and training.
If your dog or cat is anxious, I don’t think it hurts to try it out as FDA has approved various supplements with L-tryptophan. FDA has evaluated L-tryptophan and found it to be a safe supplement for cats and dogs.
Sources of L-tryptophan:
L-tryptophan is found in animal proteins such as turkey, chicken, and beef. It is also found in some plant proteins such as soybeans and pumpkin seeds.
Benefits of Tryptophan:
The production of serotonin from tryptophan is one of the benefits associated with this amino acid. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps to regulate mood, sleep, and appetite.
Another benefit of tryptophan is that it can help to improve cognitive function. A study in 2016 found that L-tryptophan supplementation improved memory and learning in aged rats.
How much tryptophan to feed dog?
AAFCo recommends that you give tryptophan to your puppy 0.20% on a dry matter basis and 0.16% to adult dogs
How much tryptophan to give cat?
AAFCO recommends that you give a min of 0.25% of tryptophan to kittens, min of 0.16% to adult cats and a max of 1.7% to older cats as shown in the table below
Do senior cats need tryptophan more?
Tryptophan is an important amino acid for senior cats. As cats age, they often suffer from cognitive decline and a decrease in serotonin levels. Supplementing with tryptophan can help to improve cognitive function and increase serotonin levels.
As you can see from the AAFCo recommendation above, senior cats need about 11 times those recommended from adult dogs and about 7 times more than the recommended amounts for kittens.
Tryptophan Deficiency Symptoms:
A deficiency of tryptophan can lead to behavioral problems such as aggression and anxiety. Supplementing with tryptophan has been shown to help reduce anxiety in some dogs.
Dog Food Brands with Tryptophan:
Tryptophan is not commonly found in dog food but there are a few brands that do include it. Here is a list of some dog food brands that include tryptophan:
1. DeNapoli JS, Dodman NH, Shuster L, et al. Effect of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity in dogs. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:504-508.
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
Histidine is one of the essential amino acids recognized by AAFCO and pet food manufacturers are required to formulate a pet diet that includes Histidine. There are reasons for this recognition as essential amino acid and in this article, I’ll explain the benefits, sources, and deficiency symptoms for dogs and cats.
Why we evaluate protein sources of pet food by amino acid composition:
To be objective in our ranking of various dog and cat food recipes, we evaluate them based on their amino acid composition. In other words, we’re not looking at the “protein sources” as a whole (e.g. chicken, beef, lamb, etc.), but rather we’re looking at the individual amino acids that make up those proteins.
This is important because it’s the amino acids that are actually used by the body to build muscle, repair tissue, and perform all the other functions that require protein.
Let’s define amino acid better;
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and there are 20 different amino acids that can be combined to form a protein. Of these 20, 9 are essential for dogs and 11 are essential for cats. This means that the pet’s body cannot produce these amino acids and they must be obtained through the diet.
What is Histidine and where does it come from?
Histidine is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains a histamine group that is responsible for many of its biochemical activities. Dogs and cats can synthesize Histidine from other amino acids, but they still require dietary sources to meet their needs.
Histidine is required for the proper growth and development of all cells and tissue. It also plays an important role in the repair of damaged tissue. Histidine is also required for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.
Histidine is found in animal proteins such as meat, fish, and poultry. It’s also found in egg whites and dairy products. Plant-based sources of Histidine are not as well absorbed as animal-based sources.
Sources of Histidine
Dietary sources of histidine for pets include meat, poultry, fish, and eggs. Histidine is also found in some plant-based proteins such as beans and rice.
Chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, and tuna are the main sources of histidine and other protein sources such as beef, lamb, pork, herring lack histidine.
The table below shows 9 protein sources and the three that contain histidine.
Image showing protein sources with and without arginine
How much histidine for dogs:
Following NRC recommendation to include Histidine as an essential amino acid, AAFCO has been recommending it as an essential amino acid since 2006.
For dogs, histidine are required in smaller quantities compared to arginine. In fact, only tryptophan and methionine match histidine in terms of small quanties recommended by AAFCO.
For growing dogs or puppies, AAFCO recommends 0.44% and 0.19% for adult dogs.
How much histidine for dogs:
Studies have shown histidine to prevent cat health issues such as cataracts.
AAFCO recommends giving kittens a minimum of 0.33% of histidine on dry matter basis and 0.31% to adult cats.
Benefits of Histidine for dogs and cats
Benefits of histidine for dogs include promoting healthy skin and coat, helping to heal wounds, and reducing inflammation. Histidine can also help to boost the immune system.
Histidine plays an important role in many biochemical reactions in the body, including:
– Acting as a precursor for histamine (involved in immune responses and gut function)
– Serving as a methyl donor (involved in DNA and RNA synthesis)
– Acting as an antioxidant (reducing inflammation and cell damage)
Benefits for cats are similar but also include reducing hairballs and promoting healthy digestion.
Histidine Deficiency symptoms in dogs and cats
A histidine deficiency can cause a number of health problems in dogs and cats, including:
– Anemia
– Slow growth
– Skin problems
– Muscle weakness
– Behavioral changes
If you think your pet may be deficient in histidine, please consult your veterinarian.
Supplementing with Histidine:
If you are feeding your pet a complete and balanced diet, there is no need to supplement with histidine. However, if your pet has a histidine deficiency, your veterinarian may recommend a histidine supplement.
Conclusion:
Histidine is an essential amino acid for dogs and cats. It’s important for growth, development, and repair of tissues. Histidine can also help to boost the immune system and reduce inflammation. Dietary sources of histidine include meat, poultry, fish, and eggs.
References:
Quam, Darcy & Morris, James & Rogers, Quinton. (1987). Histidine requirement of kittens for growth, haematopoiesis and prevention of cataracts. The British journal of nutrition. 58. 521-32. 10.1079/BJN19870120.
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
In 1981, a seminal research paper titled “Arginine: An Indispensable Amino Acid for Mature Dogs” was published in The Journal of Nutrition (Volume 111). It became the go-to report on the importance of arginine, a type of amino acid, to dogs – especially aging dogs.
Arginine gave poultry a boost as our go-to protein source:
In our evaluation of dog food and specifically protein used in the production of any pet food, we review the amino acid profile of each protein source.
This way of being detailed to the point of evaluating the amino acid composition of protein sources has given us an edge here at OurPets HQ to accurately rank various dog and cat food based on their protein sources.
For example, we have a bias towards poultry as a source of protein for pet food, over other sources such as beef as poultry has arginine amino acid which is lacking in beef, lamb, pork, soybeans, and herring, among others.
As shown in the image below, Arginine is only available in 3 of the 9 proteins listed below and those protein sources are chicken, turkey and tuna.
Image showing protein sources with and without arginine
Humans are able to endogenously synthesize arginine, meaning we don’t have to consume it in our diets. But dogs are different. For dogs, arginine is an essential amino acid that must be consumed through their diet or supplementation.
The Journal of Nutrition paper classified arginine as an “immunonutrient” based on its ability to support the immune system. The paper also reported that “arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.”
What is an amino acid and what is arginine?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
There are 20 amino acids that occur naturally, and of these, arginine is considered “indispensable” because dogs cannot produce it on their own – they must get it through their diet.
Arginine is a key intermediate in the glucose metabolism pathway. It has a positively charged nitrogen side chain that may be used as a binding site for other molecules and is classified as a gluconeogenic amino acid.
Importance of Arginine amino acid to dogs:
What is a gluconeogenic amino acid?
Gluconeogenic amino acids are those that can be converted into glucose. In other words, they have the ability to raise blood sugar levels.
Arginine is also involved in the urea cycle, which is the process by which the body eliminates waste products from protein metabolism.
The urea cycle takes place in the liver and is essential for removing ammonia from the blood. Ammonia is a by-product of protein metabolism and is toxic to the body.
Arginine plays an important role in the urea cycle by converting ammonia into urea, which is then excreted in the urine.
Arginine is also a precursor for nitric oxide, a molecule that plays a key role in many physiological processes.
Nitric oxide is involved in blood pressure regulation, blood clotting, and immunity. It also has potent vasodilatory effects, meaning it can help to widen blood vessels and improve circulation.
Nitric oxide is produced through the action of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three types of NOS:
-neuronal NOS (nNOS), which is found in the nervous system
-endothelial NOS (eNOS), which is found in the lining of blood vessels
-inducible NOS (iNOS), which is found in immune cells
Arginine is required for the activity of all three forms of NOS.
Summary – What are the benefits of arginine for dogs?
The most important benefit of arginine for dogs is its role in the urea cycle.
As we mentioned earlier, the urea cycle is responsible for removing ammonia from the blood.
Ammonia is a by-product of protein metabolism and is toxic to the body.
Without arginine, ammonia would build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
Arginine is also important for proper circulation.
As we mentioned earlier, nitric oxide has potent vasodilatory effects, meaning it can help to widen blood vessels and improve circulation.
This is important for all dogs, but it is especially important for senior dogs, who often suffer from poor circulation.
Arginine also has immune-boosting properties.
Nitric oxide has been shown to have potent antimicrobial effects.
It can kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
It also has anti-inflammatory effects and can help to reduce swelling and inflammation.
All of these benefits make arginine an essential amino acid for dogs – especially senior dogs.
Arginine has many important functions in the body, including:
– Acting as a precursor for nitric oxide, a molecule that helps relax blood vessels
– Helping the liver remove ammonia from the body
– Supporting immune function
– Wound healing
Chemically, arginine is classified as a “basic” amino acid because it contains a nitrogen group. It is one of the larger amino acids and is considered “semi-essential” in young dogs because they can synthesize small amounts of it on their own.
As dog’s age, their ability to synthesize arginine diminishes, which is why it becomes “indispensable” in the diets of older dogs.
Arginine deficiency; What the 1981 study revealed:
The 1981 study by three scholars; R A Burns, J A Milner and J E Corbin found that deletion of the amino acid from dogs’ diet resulted in the following;
‘Slight but significant loss of body weight.
Severe episodes of emesis were observed in all experiments.
Muscle tremors and frothing around the mouth’
The study went further to reveal that dogs fed an arginine-deficient diet had increased amounts of plasma ammonia and orotate, as well as urinary citric and orotic acid. In adult dogs, a diet devoid of arginine resulted in an increase in urinary citric and orotic acids.
The study is now available at the National Library of Medicine(here) and at the Journal of Nutrition, Oxford (here)
Another study with contributions from Milner found that ‘All arginine deficient dogs and dogs fed the 28% L-AA with arginine showed signs of emesis, excessive salivation and muscle tremors.”
Studies have also shown that when puppies are fed a diet deficient in arginine, the appetite decreases and will a decreased food intake and hyperammonemic episodes, which include vomiting and ptylism. Urinary orotic acid excretion and muscular tremors also increased.
Arginine is recognized by AAFCO as an essential nutrient:
In 2006, the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recognized arginine as an essential nutrient for all life stages of dogs.
The minimum recommended level of arginine for adult dogs is 0.51% on a dry matter basis and 1.0% for puppies or growing dogs(AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles).
A snapshot showing AAFCO guidelines on min recommendation of arginine in dog food
The minimum recommended level of arginine for adult cats is 1.04% on a dry matter basis and 1.24% for kittens or growing cats(AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles).
A snapshot showing AAFCO guidelines on min recommendation of arginine in cat food
Sources of arginine:
Chicken, turkey, and tuna are the key sources of arginine as it is lacking in some protein sources such as beef, lamb, pork, soybeans, and herring, among others.
L-arginine can be found in;
Meat (chicken, turkey).
Fish (salmon, haddock).
Nuts and seeds (almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds).
Legumes (soybeans, chickpeas).
Whole grains (brown rice, oats).
Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese).
Arginine is an amino acid that is found in meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products.
It can also be found in some plant-based proteins, such as nuts and seeds.
Here are some good sources of arginine for dogs:
– Chicken
A 3-ounce serving of cooked chicken breast contains about 2.3 grams of arginine.
– Turkey
A 3-ounce serving of cooked turkey breast contains about 2.1 grams of argin 3-ounce serving of cooked salmon contains about 1.8 grams of arginine.
– Cottage cheese
A 1/2-cup serving of cottage cheese has about 1.3 grams of arginine.
Plant-based sources of arginine for dogs:
There are also some plant-based sources 1/2-cup serving of cooked lentils contains about 0.9 grams of arginine.
A 1/2-cup serving of cooked soybeans has about 0.8 grams of arginine.
A 1-ounce serving of pumpkin seeds has about 0.7 grams of arginine.
Argin 1-ounce serving of sunflower seeds has about 0.6 grams of arginine.
Symptoms of arginine deficiency in dogs;
Lethargy
Vomiting
Muscle tremors and weakness.
Foaming around the mouth.
Excessive salivation.
Anorexia.
Urinary citric and orotic acids
The importance of arginine in the production of nitric oxide. Do dogs need nitric oxide?
Arginine is necessary for the production of nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide number of studies have shown that nitric oxide has a number of important functions in the body, including:
– Acting as a vasodilator
– Regulating blood pressure
– Boosting immune function
– Enhancing cognitive function
Arginine is necessary for wound healing.
What this means to you as a dog owner:
When evaluating the protein in your dog food, consider if the protein source has arginine and whether your dog will be able to get this crucial nutrient. As shown above, only some protein sources, specifically chicken and turkey are great sources of arginine. Others such as beef lack this nutrient.
Lack of this nutrient can have dire health consequences for dogs of all ages. For puppies,
They’ll get hyperammonemic episodes which include vomiting and ptylism as a result of feeding an arginine-deficient diet.
For adult and senior dogs, if you feed an arginine-deficient diet, they’ll experience;
Rough, scaly skin
Hair loss
Lethargy
Muscle weakness
Gastrointestinal issues
Fertility problems
Conclusion:
I hope this article on arginine for dogs was helpful. Arginine is an important amino acid for all life stages of dogs and cats. It’s crucial for many bodily functions, including wound healing, immune function, and cognitive function. Make sure your dog food has this essential nutrient by checking the protein source.
Happy tails!
FAQs on Arginine for Dogs and Cats including Deficiency Symptoms
Should I give arginine to dogs with cancer?
Arginine may also be used in dogs with cancer as it is thought to have anti-tumor effects as it boosts the immune system and promotes wound healing.
What are some symptoms of arginine deficiency in cats?
actions to an arginine deficiency in cats can vary depending on the severity of the deficiency. Some symptoms may include:
– Gastrointestinal issues
– Hair loss
– Lethargy
– Muscle weakness
– Rough, scaly skin
In severe cases, an arginine deficiency can lead to death. The effects of an arginine-deficient diet can be seen as early as 3 weeks of age in kittens and may include:
– Vomiting
– Diarrhea
– Muscle tremors
– Seizures
Kittens who are born to mothers who were fed an arginine-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation to an arginine deficiency can be seen as early as 3 weeks of age in kittens and may include:
Why do cats need arginine?
Cats need arginine as it aids in the production of nitric oxide. Like dogs, nitric oxide has a number of functions including;
Acting as a vasodilator: Arginine is a vasodilator, meaning that it helps to dilate ( widen) blood vessels. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve circulation.
Arginine has been shown to improve exercise performance by increasing blood flow to muscles.
Boosting immune function: Nitric oxide has been shown to boost the activity of certain white blood cells, which are important for immunity.
Arginine is also necessary for the production of creatine. Creatine is a substance that is stored in muscle cells and used for energy. Creatine has been shown to improve exercise performance and help build muscle mass.
Arginine is involved in wound healing. Arginine has been shown to improve blood flow to wounds and help promote healing. Arginine may also have benefits for cognitive function.
Arginine has been shown to improve memory and mental function in animals.
What is a healthy diet for a dog?
References:
R. A. Burns, J. A. Milner, J. E. Corbin, Arginine: An Indispensable Amino Acid for Mature Dogs, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 111, Issue 6, June 1981, Pages 1020–1024, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/111.6.1020
Ha YH, et al. Arginine requirement in immature dogs. J Nutr 1978;108:203-210.
Hoppe A, et al. Urinary excretion of amino acids in normal and cystinuric dogs. Br Vet J 1993;149:253-68.
Hi there! My name is Ben Domb, an owner of two pets and I am one of the co-founders of OurPets HQ. I have several years of experience as a pet care professional in the New England region having spent time in various roles including a stint at a veterinary hospital in Upstate New York, Syracuse area. I am a certified pet care professional and mostly spend my time researching pet nutrition and sharing my thoughts in various blogs and columns. With quarantine and COVID restrictions, I have been spending a lot of time a lot with my dogs and cat and loving it! I also run a small consulting business providing advice to parents on pet nutrition, and especially safe homemade options to try. You can reach me at ben@ourpetshq.com
Image showing protein sources with and without arginine
